sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal And it gives this general guidance on how to live: People should live so as to maximise good consequences. The most famous version of this theory is utilitarianism. Maximizing Consequentialism = moral rightness depends only on which consequences are best (as opposed to satisfactory or an improvement over the status quo). The use of FRT in health care suggests the importance of informed consent, data input and analysis quality, effective communication about incidental findings, and potential influence on patient-clinician relationships. 2021 Jul-Aug;42(4):787-791. doi: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.04.020. To demonstrate this I will use an adapted version of John Harris Survival Lottery thought experiment (this thought experiment is a theoretical example used to highlight the objection and is not to be taken literally): Let us imagine we have five patients who require organ transplants. A consequence of consequentialism, however, is that it fails to respect the integrity of the individuals involved. Also, it does not matter who performs the action, only the action itself as Williams example shows. Consequentialism is based on two principles: Whether an act is right or wrong depends only on the results of that act The more good consequences an act produces, the better or more right that act. Abortion can be categorized as both a legal, and ethical issue. The consequentialist could retort that in calculating what course of action is right, the individuals integrity can be taken into account. To do so, lets look at a current example of limited resources, such as ventilators, in hospitals during the Covid-19 outbreak and how we may decide which patients should be allocated these resources. Ghaemi SN, Goodwin FK. Again, consequentialism forces us to put our commitments second, regardless of how strongly we are connected to them or how much pleasure we derive from them. Any prior commitments are disregarded or, if taken into consideration, are unlikely to have any substantial effect on the outcome. By saying that Jim should shoot the one Indian the consequentialist fails to take into account the impact that this would have on Jims life. In practice this a very difficult thing to do to step outside of the values we have been brought up with and the state of being alienated itself often causes unhappiness within the individual. So, if Oliver had a wide network of adoring cat lovers because of his friendly, playful nature, unlike Benjy who prefers a life of peaceful solitude I should save Oliver as this would cause the least pain and produce the most pleasure for the people that know him. If Jim refuses to kill anyone then he is therefore responsible for the deaths of the others. On the other, FRT medication adherence monitoring might not be sufficiently effective in improving adherence to outweigh the risk of undermining trust in the patient-physician relationship.42. The other concern people express is the tendency of consequentialism to use ends justify the means logic. One of the consequences of a breach of confidentiality could be that the patient will lose trust in Undark. Let us take the example of a minority being oppressed in a country. "The rationale isn't that they're more worthy; it's that they can contribute in the longer run to saving more lives.". Designer Babies: Where Should We Draw the Line? Utilitarianism in Public Health January 2016 . Hossain MS, Muhammad G. Cloud-assisted framework for health monitoring. Religion plays a large part in the ethical issue of abortion, just like with . But as previously stated, war and the strife and chaos that comes with it are undesirable; however, in this particular circumstance something that may be bad as war can be said to be a for a good cause. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. To have complete access to the thousands of philosophy articles on this site, please, Jim finds himself in the central square of a small South American town. Consequentialists may try to respond by arguing that alienation and taking an impersonal standpoint can be a virtue, but this seems a high price to pay if the agent is expected to disregard her most fundamental relationships, leaving her deeply unhappy. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. Keywords: Provide a clear and easy-to-understand guidelines. In effect we become moral martyrs, surrendering our integrity (leading to alienation) in order to achieve what they believe is morally right. Christianity is one form of deontology and the Ten Commandments represent one set of rules. Is it ethical to allow some people to suffer so more people can live well? The site is secure. Core values versus common sense: consequentialist views appear less rooted in morality. So whilst both acts are morally abhorrent, the consequentialist will inevitably say that if these are the only options available then not only should we choose to massacre seven million, but that it would be right to do so. Nurses' professional relationships are central to nurses' contributions to the resolution of ethical dilemmas. According to consequentialism, you should always strive to bring about good consequences, rather than simply obeying an arbitrary set of ethical rules. Participants were recruited from all settings working with patients of any age and any diagnosis. You can update your choices at any time in your settings. Guidance regarding methods for de-identification of protected health information in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule. There will need to be careful thought and study of the broader impact of FRT in health care settings. Nurses use these in contributing to the resolution of these dilemmas. Even if the damage to Jims integrity is taken into account, there is another problem: the consequentialist would regard Jims killing another person not merely as preferable, but as morally required. Consequentialism is a theory that says whether something is good or bad depends on its outcomes. PHI 204 - Ethical Issues in Health Care: Consequentialism, Deontology, Physical Education and Health Education Faculty. But if telling a lie. Any consequentialist ethical theory has to provide a justification of how we decide which consequences are good or bad. 497 - 516. 2016;2016(5):2-3. Nicole Martinez-Martin, JD, PhD is a postdoctoral fellow at the Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics in Stanford, California. Face recognition methods and applications. It gives us this guidance when faced with a moral dilemma: A person should choose the action that maximises good consequences. government site. Accessed October 26, 2018. 2022 Jun;22:100717. doi: 10.1016/j.jemep.2021.100717. Baum S. Using facial recognition and AI to confirm medication adherence, AiCure raises $12.25M. Basel-Vanagaite L, Wolf L, Orin M, et al. Deontology: sticking to your obligations and duties, so focusing on intentions rather than the outcomes of actions. Researchers flag up facial recognition racial bias [news]. [4] Consequentialism health ethics. Facial recognition technology (FRT) utilizes software to map a persons facial characteristics and then store the data as a face template.1 Algorithms or machine learning techniques are applied to a database to compare facial images or to find patterns in facial features for verification or authentication purposes.2 FRT is attractive for a variety of health care applications, such as diagnosing genetic disorders, monitoring patients, and providing health indicator information (related to behavior, aging, longevity, or pain experience, for example).3-5, FRT is likely to become a useful tool for diagnosing many medical and genetic conditions.6,7 Machine learning techniques, in which a computer program is trained on a large data set to recognize patterns and generates its own algorithms on the basis of learning,8 have already been used to assist in diagnosing a patient with a rare genetic disorder that had not been identified after years of clinical effort.9 Machine learning can also detect more subtle correlations between facial morphology and genetic disorders than clinicians.4 It is thought that FRT can therefore eventually be used to assist in earlier detection and treatment of genetic disorders,10,11 and computer applications (commonly known as apps) such as Face2Gene have been developed to assist clinicians in diagnosing genetic disorders.12, FRT has other potential health care applications. A novel approach to the detection of acromegaly: accuracy of diagnosis by automatic face classification. This structure means that the ends often justify the means when seeking to create a specific result. By looking at the two ethical strands side-by-side we can quickly see that Deontology is distinctly focused on the individual, whereas Utilitarianism places importance on . She earned a JD from Harvard Law School and a PhD from the University of Chicago in comparative human development. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. For example, if FRT diagnostic software develops to the point that it is used not just to augment but to replace a physicians judgment, ethical and legal questions may arise regarding which entity appropriately has liability.41 Or if FRT is used to monitor compliance, track patients whereabouts, or assist in other kinds of surveillance, patients trust in physicians could be eroded, undermining the therapeutic alliance. Bias. Accessed April 8, 2017. But if telling a lie would help save a persons life, consequentialism says its the right thing to do. B. Consequentialism- main emphasis is on the outcome or consequence of the action . 124). As the saga unfolds we are to monitor, measure and maximise the consequences for the greater good of the larger number. Cloud-assisted speech and face recognition framework for health monitoring. Now we will look at an example of how utilitarianism may be used in a medical context. 110-233, 122 Stat 881. Use and Significance of Nursing Diagnosis in Hospital Emergencies: A Phenomenological Approach. Hughes N. Google takes aim at controversial, stringent Illinois biometric privacy law. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. P2. . Discussion: In: Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Computing, Communication and Automation (ICCCA); April 29-30, 2016; Noida, India:399-404. When expanded it provides a list of search options that will switch the search inputs to match the current selection. FOIA Consequentialism From a consequentialist position the question of whether it is wrong to breach confidentiality is determined by the consequences of the breach. Wellcome TrustFunded Monographs and Book Chapters. Principlism (synonym: principle-based ethics) is an approach to applied ethics based on (1) a framework of prima-facie (i.e., nonabsolute) moral principles, (2) specification as a method for bringing moral norms to bear on concrete cases and issues, (3) analyzing problems of applied ethics in terms of their underlying conflicts of norms, (4 . The site is secure. The lack of respect for the integrity of the individual is raised by Bernard Williams famous Jim and the Indians thought experiment, quoted above. The author(s) had no conflicts of interest to disclose. September 6, 2017. https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2017/09/06/ten-things-everyone-should-know-about-machine-learning. 2022 Jul;57(4):852-864. doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.12725. Applying Utilitarianism in Business. Our Biometric Future: Facial Recognition Technology and the Culture of Surveillance. Is it better to give my money to charity or spend it studying medicine so I can save lives? Blease had argued that patients' attention should be . mHealthIntelligence. Handb Clin Neurol. Biom Technol Today. arXiv. Before Should Watson Be Consulted for a Second Opinion? Consequentialism is an attractive ethical approach because it provides clear and practical guidance at least in situations where outcomes are easy to predict. The consequence of consequentialism is that by taking an impersonal standpoint we alienate ourselves and whilst the consequentialist can argue that this should be a virtue, the expected result of unhappiness shows its inadequacy for this is a high price to pay for a view that values happiness. A person should do whatever leads to the best consequence. Ethics Med Public Health. health goal (including socioeconomic goals) identified by a legitimate public health authority. 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Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. For the consequentialist it is obvious that the right choice for Jim would be to kill one Indian in order to save the lives of the other nineteen. Furthermore, whilst the consequentialist can agree that the individual agents integrity should not be ignored, as Williams explains, (h)is own substantial projects and commitments come into it, but only as one lot among others. (Ethics, 1994) As our integrity is one among many others and consequentialism expects us all to take an impersonal standpoint, it would follow that everyone would need to disregard their personal commitments, which is likely to lead in turn to overall unhappiness, a problem for a moral theory with hedonistic tendencies. Consequentialism is a normative ethics theory whereby the ends justify the means; in other words, the consequence of an action justifies the moral acceptability of an action of the means taken to reach that end. This was his theory of rule utilitarianism. Accessed March 28, 2017. 2007;2(1):26. Accessed July 31, 2018. Front Psychol. Key considerations included nursing's moral ontology, the nurse-patient relationship, potential impact on the profession, ethical principles and theories, moral culpability for acts versus omissions, the role of intention and the nature of the society in which euthanasia would be enacted. One recent example that gained notoriety was an FRT system used to identify gay men from a set of photos that may have simply identified the kind of grooming and dress habits stereotypically associated with gay men.30 The developers of this FRT system did not intend it to be used for a clinical purpose but rather to illustrate how bias can influence FRT findings.30, Thankfully, potential solutions for addressing bias in FRT systems exist. Deontology: Deontology : Advantages: This moral theory is very useful in making impartial decisions. Before John Stuart Mill, a student of Benthams, disagreed. Federal Privacy Protections: Ethical Foundations, Sources of Confusion in Clinical Medicine, and Controversies in Biomedical Research, Mary Anderlik Majumder, JD, PhD and Christi J. Guerrini, JD. He believed it was too difficult for a society to run if it had to consider the specific costs/benefits of every single action. For a summary of consequentialist ethics check out the videos below: Our next stop in our tour of the ethical lay of the land is utilitarianism. If Jim accepts, then as a special mark of the occasion, the other Indians will be let off. Medium. Finally, Mill also claims that happiness is the only thing that is desirable in itself as an end. There is important reason for the root word. (Though, most versions of non-consequentialism allow some ethical relevance of consequences). The .gov means its official. and transmitted securely. 2005 Dec;31(12):739-42. doi: 10.1136/jme.2005.011908. We will close by outlining the areas where consequentialism is at odds with current medical law and how medical law should evolve according to consequentialism. government site. We will describe some examples of the influence of consequentialism over current medical law. Consequentialism claims that whether an action is right or wrong depends on the consequences that it brings about. The more good consequences an act produces, the better or more right that act. Human behavior prediction using facial expression analysis. Bookshelf Using the example of Jim and the Indians, Williams successfully illustrates that consequentialism fails to respect the integrity of the individual because in deciding what is wrong or right what really matters is not the action but the outcome of it. McCullom R. Facial recognition technology is both biased and understudied. Epub 2022 Apr 9. So, to decide whether or not to take some step, we must calculate whether it will produce the best overall outcome for the highest number of people. Consequentialism is a rival to such moral theories as deontology, contractualism, and virtue ethics. Would you like email updates of new search results? So by treating the individual as merely a means to an end, consequentialism may turn out to be self-defeating. He said, she said: Investigating the Christian Porter Case. Examining hospital staff members' preferences for allocating a ventilator to a COVID-19 patient with and without Alzheimer's disease. Shakya S, Sharma S, Basnet A. Furthermore, consumer-centred healthcare is becoming heavily reliant on digital technology. This makes consequentialist theories very demanding on the agent involved. Accessed July 17, 2018. Answer (1 of 4): The term 'consequentialism' was coined by the philosopher G E M Anscombe in her 1958 paper, 'Modern Moral Philosophy' (Philosophy 33, No. When making ethical decisions within healthcare, the patients must have a clear channel of communication between the health care provider and the patient, as without this the patients wished cannot be taken into consideration. When deciding on questions of what is ethically right or wrong utilitarians want to maximise the overall amount of happiness or welfare. One way is by using ethical concepts to shed light on everyday practice. consequentialism can give us an account of responsibility. The theory is also impartial. What matters is not so much the horrific act in itself but the outcome of that act. Tied up against the wall are a row of twenty Indians, most terrified, a few defiant, in front of them several armed men in uniform. Shedding Privacy Along with our Genetic Material: What Constitutes Adequate Legal Protection against Surreptitious Genetic Testing? Equality is certainly one of the key principles behind Utilitarian philosophy. The viewpoints expressed in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the AMA. Killing the one Indian is going to have a profound effect on Jims life but for the consequentialist, Jims values are irrelevant. LinkedIn and 3rd parties use essential and non-essential cookies to provide, secure, analyze and improve our Services, and (except on the iOS app) to show you relevant ads (including professional and job ads) on and off LinkedIn. 2013;118:1-9. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53501-6.00001-9. 13 FRT is also being applied to predict behavior, pain, and emotions by identifying facial expressions associated with depression or pain, for example. One of the consequences of a breach of confidentiality could be that the patient will lose trust in his/her doctor, and perhaps doctors generally, resulting in him/her not accessing healthcare in the future with a detrimental effect on his/her (and others?)